1. Cambial Activity and Growth Rings:
The cambium, a thin layer beneath the bark, is the growing powerhouse.
Each year, it produces growth rings, reflecting the tree’s age and environmental conditions.
2. Xylem and Phloem Dynamics:
The xylem transports water from roots to leaves, while the phloem moves sugars produced during photosynthesis.
Together, they form the vascular system, crucial for nutrient circulation.
3. Photosynthesis in Leaves:
Chloroplasts in leaves harness sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars.
Oxygen, a byproduct, is released, contributing to the tree’s metabolic balance.
4. Water Uptake through Roots:
Root hairs absorb water and essential minerals from the soil.
A network of roots ensures a steady supply of nutrients for growth.
5. Transpiration and Water Loss:
Transpiration, the release of water vapor from leaves, regulates internal pressure.
It plays a role in nutrient transport and cooling the tree.
6. Stomatal Regulation:
Stomata, tiny openings on leaves, control gas exchange and water loss.
They respond to environmental cues, optimizing water use efficiency.
7. Hormonal Signaling:
Plant hormones like auxins, gibberellins, and cytokinins coordinate growth and development.
They influence responses to environmental stimuli and aid in stress adaptation.
8. Defense Mechanisms:
Trees produce secondary metabolites and chemicals to deter pests and pathogens.
Bark acts as a protective barrier against external threats.
9. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis:
Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with tree roots.
They enhance nutrient absorption, especially phosphorus, benefiting both partners.
10. Resin and Sap Production:
– Resin protects against herbivores and pathogens, sealing wounds.
– Sap flow transports nutrients and plays a role in temperature regulation.
11. Winter Dormancy Strategies:
– Deciduous trees shed leaves to conserve water during winter.
– Evergreen trees adapt with needle-like leaves to minimize water loss.
12. Signal Perception and Response:
– Trees respond to environmental cues like light, gravity, and temperature.
– These responses guide growth patterns and adaptation to changing conditions.
13. Senescence and Leaf Drop:
– As seasons change, trees undergo senescence, leading to leaf color changes.
– Leaf drop allows trees to conserve resources during dormant periods.
14. Bark Anatomy and Function:
– Bark protects against physical damage, diseases, and extreme weather.
– The cork cambium produces new protective layers as the tree grows.
15. Carbon Sequestration:
– Trees play a vital role in carbon sequestration, capturing and storing carbon dioxide.
– This contributes to mitigating climate change and maintaining ecological balance.
